Top 15 Most Popular Dating Websites | May 2018

Click here: => diphivoleaps.fastdownloadcloud.ru/dt?s=YToyOntzOjc6InJlZmVyZXIiO3M6MzA6Imh0dHA6Ly9iYW5kY2FtcC5jb21fZHRfcG9zdGVyLyI7czozOiJrZXkiO3M6MTI6IkYgZGF0aW5nIHVzYSI7fQ==


Archived from on 2011-07-23. So why are we different here at Free Dating America? British writer Kira Cochrane, after moving to the U.

Present Korean dating shows a changing attitude due to the influence of tradition and modernization. Retrieved February 11, 2017. As a result, parents offer advice about dating although it may not be heeded.

f dating

For the landmass comprising North, Central and South America, see. For other uses, see , , , , and. The capital is , and the is. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are in between and. The is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the from to the west. The is an in the mid-. The extremely diverse , , and of the United States make it one of the world's 17. The United States emerged from the established along the. Numerous disputes between and the colonies following the led to the , which began in 1775, and the subsequent in 1776. The war with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a. The was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, , , and gradually until it spanned the continent by 1848. During the second half of the 19th century, the led to the abolition of. By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean, and its economy, driven in large part by the , began to soar. The and confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from as a global , the , the only country to , and a of the. During the , the United States and the competed in the , culminating with the. The end of the Cold War and the in 1991 left the United States as the world's. The United States is the world's oldest surviving. The United States is a founding member of the , , , OAS , and other international organizations. The United States is a highly , with the world's and , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP. The is largely , characterized by the dominance of and activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world. The United States is the world's and the of goods. Though its population is only 4. The United States nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including , , , and productivity per person. The Americas are named after Italian explorer. In 1507, the German cartographer produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer : Americus Vespucius. This draft of the document did not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation. The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit. The migrated from by way of the and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. After crossing the land bridge, the first Americans moved southward, either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice-free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets. The appeared around 11,000 BC, and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas. While the Clovis culture was thought, throughout the late 20th century, to represent the first human settlement of the Americas, in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures. Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex, and some, such as the in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished, and its largest city is considered the largest, most complex pre-Columbian in the modern-day United States. While in the region, culture developed. Three in the United States are credited to the Pueblos: , , and. The earthworks constructed by Native Americans of the culture in northeastern have also been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. In the southern region, the Haudenosaunee was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War. The date of the first settlements of the is a topic of continuing debate. During his , became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii. European settlements The , 1620 by After Spain sent to the in 1492, other explorers followed. The first Europeans to arrive in the territory of the modern United States were Spanish such as , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513; however, if are accounted for, then credit would go to who landed in on his. Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as and. The French established their own as well along the. Successful on the eastern coast of North America began with the in 1607 at and the in 1620. Many settlers were who came seeking. The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's created in 1619, the , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, and the , established precedents for the pattern of representative self-government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. Most settlers in every colony were small farmers, but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period, Americans were producing one-seventh of the world's iron supply. Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs. English colonists were supplemented by waves of and other groups. As coastal land grew more expensive, freed pushed further west. A large-scale slave trade with English privateers was begun. The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south, because of less disease and better food and treatment, leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves. Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery, and colonies passed acts for and against the practice. But by the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor, especially in southern regions. With the British colonization of in 1732, the that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism. With extremely high birth rates, low death rates, and steady settlement, the colonial population grew rapidly. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed. The movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. During the in the United States, known as the , British forces seized Canada from the French, but the population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the , who were being conquered and displaced, the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas. The colonies' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self-government, but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority. In 1774, the ship Santiago, under , entered and anchored in an inlet of , Vancouver Island, in present-day British Columbia. Although the Spanish did not land, natives paddled to the ship to trade for shells from. At the time, the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between and North America, granting limited licenses to the. When the began establishing a growing system in , the Spanish began to challenge the Russians, with Pérez's voyage being the first of many to the. After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778, Captain Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in. Bad weather forced his ships south to about before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward. There may also have been confusion with , the natives' autonym a name for themselves. It may also have simply been based on Cook's mispronunciation of Yuquot, the native name of the place. Effects on and interaction with native populations Death of Captain Cook by 1795 With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States, the were often. The after Europeans arrived, and for various reasons, primarily diseases such as and. Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements. In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars. At the same time, however, many natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives for guns, ammunition and other European wares. Natives taught many settlers where, when and how to cultivate corn, beans, and squash. Captain James Cook's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a for approximately nine months. He returned to Hawaii to resupply, initially exploring the coasts of and the , trading with locals and then making anchor at in January 1779. When his ships and company left the islands, a ship's mast broke in bad weather, forcing them to return in mid-February. Cook would be killed days later. Independence and expansion 1776—1865 by The was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power. The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and escalated into war. Following the passage of the , on July 2, 1776, which was the actual vote for independence, the adopted the on July 4, which recognized, in a long preamble, that all men are equal and endowed by their Creator with unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by , and declared, in the words of the resolution, that the were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States. The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as. In 1777, the established a weak government that operated until 1789. Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their in 1781. In the , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the. Nationalists led the of 1787 in writing the , in state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first elected under the new constitution. The , forbidding federal restriction of and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791. Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the , and along with it, the slave population. The , especially 1800—1840, converted millions to Protestantism. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including ; in the South, Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations. Americans' eagerness to prompted a long series of. The of French-claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation's area. The , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U. A series of military incursions into Florida led it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819. The expansion was aided by , when began traveling along America's large water systems, which were connected by new , such as the and the ; then, even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation's land. From 1820 to 1850, began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage; it led to the rise of the of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854. The in the 1830s exemplified the that resettled Indians into the west on. The 1846 with Britain led to U. Victory in the resulted in the 1848 of California and much of the present-day. The of 1848—49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states. After the , new transcontinental made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans. In 1869, a new sought to protect Native-Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U. The by Differences of opinion regarding of and ultimately led to the. Initially, states entering the Union had alternated between , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate, while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives. But with additional western territory and more free-soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and how to expand or restrict slavery. This led to 's controversial denouncement of the issue, as well as the formation of many short-lived territories such as the , a county that left to stay anti-slavery. In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians. The South fought for the freedom to own slaves, while the Union at first simply fought to maintain the country as one united whole. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his , the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. Indeed, when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865, each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the , which prohibited slavery. Constitution in the years after the war: the aforementioned Thirteenth as well as the providing citizenship to the nearly four million who had been slaves, and the ensuring in theory that African Americans had the right to vote. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the South while guaranteeing the rights of the newly freed slaves. While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy, on April 14, 1865, drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans. They persisted until the when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the. From 1890 to 1910, so-called most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region. Blacks faced , especially in the South. They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence, including. Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization , in New York City, was a major gateway for European In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented from and supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture. National infrastructure including and spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the. The later invention of and the would also affect communication and urban life. The end of the further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets. Mainland expansion was completed by the from in 1867. In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii the and formed the , which the U. The United States purchased the from Denmark in 1917. Banking became a major part of the economy, with playing a notable role. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved status. These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of , , and movements. This period eventually ended with the advent of the , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including , , regulation of consumer goods, greater to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions. In 1919, President took a leading diplomatic role at the and advocated strongly for the U. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the that established the League of Nations. In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a granting. The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of for and the invention of early. The prosperity of the ended with the and the onset of the. After his election as president in 1932, responded with the , which included the establishment of the system. The of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s; whereas the of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration. At first effectively neutral during while Germany conquered much of continental Europe, the United States began supplying material to the in March 1941 through the program. On December 7, 1941, the launched a surprise , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the. Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers, it emerged from the war with even greater economic and military influence. The United States played a leading role in the and conferences with the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and other Allies, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an , a 1945 held in produced the , which became active after the war. The United States developed the and used them on Japan ; causing the Japanese to on September 2, ending World War II. Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as , or V-J Day. Cold War and civil rights era U. After World War II the United States and the jockeyed for power during what became known as the , driven by an ideological divide between and and, according to the school of , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps. They dominated the military affairs of , with the U. The United States often opposed movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored. American troops fought communist and forces in the of 1950—53. A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation, as the. At home, the U. Construction of an transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and to large housing developments. In 1959 became the 50th and last U. The growing used to confront segregation and discrimination, with becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the , sought to end racial discrimination. Meanwhile, a grew which was fueled by , , and the. The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of. After his election in 1980, President responded to economic stagnation with. After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade, by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed. This brought about with the U. The concept of , which had appeared in the post-World War II period, gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War Contemporary history After the Cold War, the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990, when under , an ally of the United States. Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions, President launched , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia, and , in a staging titled the Gulf War; waged by from 34 nations, led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, restoring the former monarchy. Originating in , the spread to international academic networks, and then to the public in the 1990s, greatly affecting the global economy, society, and culture. Due to the , stable monetary policy under , and , the 1990s saw the in modern U. Beginning in 1994, the U. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U. Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force. On , terrorists struck the in New York City and near Washington, D. In response, the United States launched the , which included and the 2003—11. In 2007, the Bush administration ordered a major , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region. Government policy designed to promote affordable housing, widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance, and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the , which culminated with the , the largest economic contraction in the nation's history since the Great Depression. The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment. Dodd-Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection, although there has been debate about its effects on the economy. In 2010, the Obama administration passed the , which made the most sweeping reforms to the in nearly five decades, including , and. The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance, with 24 million covered during 2016, but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs, insurance premiums, and economic performance. Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009, voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery. The Republicans, who stood in opposition to Obama's policies, won control of the House of Representatives with and control of the Senate in. American forces in Iraq were in large numbers in 2009 and 2010, and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011. The withdrawal caused , leading to the rise of the , the successor of al-Qaeda in the region. In 2014, Obama announced a of full for the first time since 1961. The land area of the entire United States is approximately 3,800,000 square miles 9,841,955 km 2 , with the making up 2,959,064 square miles 7,663,940. The populated territories of , , , , and together cover 9,185 square miles 23,789 km 2. Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada. The United States is the world's third- or fourth- land and water , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured. The , for instance, lists the size of the United States as 3,677,649 square miles 9,525,067 km 2 , as they do not count the country's coastal or territorial waters. The coastal plain of the seaboard gives way further inland to forests and the rolling hills of the. The divide the eastern seaboard from the and the grasslands of the. The —, the world's , runs mainly north—south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile of the stretches to the west, interrupted by in the southeast. The , at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet 4,300 m in. Farther west are the rocky and deserts such as the and. The and mountain ranges run close to the , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet 4,300 m. The in the United States are in the state of , and only about 84 miles 135 km apart. At an elevation of 20,310 feet 6,190. Active are common throughout Alaska's and , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The underlying in the is the continent's largest volcanic feature. The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world. The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the , the climate ranges from in the north to in the south. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are. Much of the Western mountains have an. The climate is in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, in , and in coastal and and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is or. Hawaii and the southern tip of are , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Extreme weather is not uncommon—the states bordering the are prone to , and most of the world's occur within the country, mainly in areas in the Midwest and South. Wildlife The has been the of the United States since 1782. The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, and 295 amphibian species. About 91,000 insect species have been described. The is both the and of the United States, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself. There are 59 and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and areas. Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area. Most of this is , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; about. Environmental controversies include debates on oil and , dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and , and international responses to global warming. Many federal and state agencies are involved. The most prominent is the EPA , created by presidential order in 1970. The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the. The of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the. See also: and Census Pop. Note that the census numbers do not include until 1860. The estimated the country's population to be 325,719,178 as of July 1, 2017, and to be adding 1 person net gain every 13 seconds, or about 6,646 people per day. The third most populous nation in the world, after and , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected. In the 1800s the average woman had 7. Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2. Foreign-born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign-born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010, representing one-third of the population increase. The foreign-born population reached 45 million in 2015. The United States has a very diverse population; 37 have more than one million members. The dominant ancestry in each mostly group with 73,1 % of total population are the largest ; are the nation's largest note that in the U. According to a 2015 survey, the largest American community with European ancestry is , which consists of. In 2010, the U. The population growth of the terms are officially interchangeable is a major. Between 2000 and 2010, the country's Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4. Much of this growth is from immigration; in 2007, 12. The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is 5 births below the world average. Its rate is positive at 0. In fiscal year 2015, over one million most of whom entered through were granted. China, India, and the have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s. As of 2012 , approximately 11. As of 2015 , 47% of all immigrants are Hispanic, 26% are Asian, 18% are white and 8% are black. The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing. According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute, nine million Americans, or roughly 3. A 2016 poll also concluded that 4. The highest percentage came from the 10% , while the lowest state was at 1. In a 2013 survey, the found that 96. About 82% of Americans live in including suburbs ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000. The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions, the largest being the followed by the and. In 2008, 273 had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four had over two million , , , and. There are 52 with populations greater than one million. Of the 50 fastest-growing metro areas, 47 are in the West or South. The metro areas of , , Houston, , and all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008. See also: , , and is the. Although there is no at the federal level, some laws—such as —standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in 32 states. Both and English are official languages in , by state law. While neither has an official language, has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as does for English and. Other states, such as , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms. Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: is officially recognized by. Both and Chamorro have official recognition in the. Spanish is an official language of and is more widely spoken than English there. The in the United States, in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies, are: Spanish around 7. Other commonly taught languages with 100,000 to 250,000 learners include , , , , and. Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U. Constitution guarantees the of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its. In a 2009 Gallup poll, 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in to a high of 63% in. As with other Western countries, the U. Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s, and that younger Americans, in particular, are becoming increasingly irreligious. According to a 2012 study, the Protestant share of the U. Americans with no religion have 1. The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37% marrying compared to 52% of Christians. According to a 2014 survey, 70. The survey also reported that 22. There are also , , , , , , , , , , , and communities. Two-thirds of American Protestants consider themselves to be. It later grew because of Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. The also extends to parts of , , , and. Finally, a number of other Christian groups are active across the country, including the , , , , , and. The is an informal term for a region in the in which socially conservative is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in and in the. Family structure Main article: As of 2007 , 58% of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 25% had never been married. Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of. The rate has declined by 57% since 1991. In 2013, the highest teenage birth rate was in , and the lowest in. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15—44 remain higher than those of most Western nations. In 2013, the average age at first birth was 26 and 40. The TFR in 2016 was 1. In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the U. The government is regulated by a system of defined by the U. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. For 2016, the U. In the , citizens are usually subject to : federal, state, and local. The 's duties are commonly split between and. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a of citizens by district. There is no at the federal level, and it is rare at lower levels. The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a for a two-year term. House seats are among the states by population every tenth year. At the , seven states had the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, had 53. The and the five major each have — these members are not allowed to vote. The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The District of Columbia and the five major U. The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office. The President is , but by an indirect system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the. The Supreme Court, led by the , has nine members, who serve for life. The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; uniquely has a legislature. The chief executive of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote. The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. The Constitution has been amended 27 times; the first ten amendments, which make up the , and the form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in 1803 in a decision handed down by. Political divisions Map of U. The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country. These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities. The is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, Washington DC. The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States. Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress; the District of Columbia has three because of the. Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population. Each state then draws single-member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The total number of voting Representatives is 435. There are also who represent the District of Columbia and the five major U. The United States also observes of the American Indian nations to a limited degree, as it does with the states' sovereignty. American Indians are U. Congress and the federal courts. Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy, but also like the states, tribes are not allowed to make war, engage in their own foreign relations, or print and issue currency. Citizenship is granted at birth in all states, the District of Columbia, and all major U. Parties and elections The United States has operated under a for most of its history. For elective offices at most levels, state-administered choose the major party for subsequent. Since the , the major parties have been the , , and the ,. Since the Civil War, only one presidential candidate—former president , running as a in —has won as much as 20% of the popular vote. The President and Vice-president are elected through the system. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President , Republican President Pro Tempore , , and Minority Leader. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House , , and Minority Leader. In the , both the and the are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 who caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats. In state governorships, there are 33 Republicans, 16 Democrats, and 1 Independent. Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 1 Democrat, 1 , and 2 Independents. Foreign relations The was built in in 1952. The United States has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a permanent member of the and New York City is home to the. It is a member of the , , and. Almost all countries have in Washington, D. Likewise, nearly all nations host. However, , , , and the Taiwan do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States although the U. It works closely with fellow members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the and such as the trilateral with Canada and. As a share of America's large GNI , however, the U. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous. These are Pacific island nations, once part of the U. On October 25, 2017, Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts, cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East, but insisted that the U. Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24. Based on CBO estimates, under 2013 tax law the top 1% will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979, while other income groups will remain at historic lows. It has sometimes been described as among the most progressive in the developed world, but this characterization is controversial. The highest 10% of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes, and about half of all taxes. The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers. However, according to the the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70% for the top earnings quintile to about 170% for the lowest earning quintile, making the system progressive. The top 10% paid 51. In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35. The of has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades. State and local taxes vary widely, but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation. Military The of the , , and with aircraft from the , , and. The President holds the title of of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the and the. The administers the armed forces, including the , , , and. The is run by the in peacetime and by the during times of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1. The and brought the total number of troops to 2. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors. Military service is voluntary, though may occur in wartime through the. American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's 11 active , and at sea with the Navy's. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad, and maintains in 25 foreign countries. Defense's share of U. US global military presence. The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011; 4,484 service members were killed during the. Law enforcement in the U. Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and 's departments, with providing broader services. The NYPD is the largest in the country. Federal agencies such as the FBI and the have specialized duties, including protecting , and enforcing ' rulings and federal laws. At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a. State courts conduct most criminal trials; handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. In 2015, there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014, a 10. The murder rate in 2015 was 4. In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8. The national for homicides in 2015 was 64. In 2012 there were 4. In 2001—2, the United States had above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of compared to other developed nations. From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77% of homicide victims and 90% of offenders. Most homicides were intraracial, with 93% of black victims killed by blacks and 84% of white victims killed by whites. In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U. The FBI's estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes. No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and. Meanwhile, have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2015, the country had the fifth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, , and. The United States has the and in the world. At the start of 2008, more than 2. In December 2012, the combined U. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997. The prison population has quadrupled since 1980, and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period. The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in and. According to the , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses. The and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate. In 2013, Louisiana 1,082 per 100,000 people , and Maine the lowest 285 per 100,000 people. Among the , the highest incarceration rate was in the 542 per 100,000 people and the lowest was in 313 per 100,000 people. According to the , the U. The nominal GDP of the U. The country ranks ninth in the world in according to the United Nations first in the Americas and sixth in. The is the world's primary. The United States is the of goods and , though are relatively low. In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export. Japan is the largest foreign holder of U. The largest holder of the U. In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86. The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in by 1. While its economy has reached a level of development and its constitutes 67. The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing. In the business model, and are the two most recognized brands in the world. Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field. The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its second-largest importer. It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as , , phosphates, and. The provides data pertaining to and that include , , , , , and others. The maintains agricultural statistics for products that include , , , , , , , , , , and. In addition, the USDA provides livestock statistics regarding , , , and. The country is the primary developer and grower of , representing half of the world's biotech. In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16. About 12% of workers are , compared to 30% in. The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers. The United States is ranked among the top three in the as well. It has a smaller and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to. The United States is the only advanced economy that does not and is one of just a few countries in the world without as a legal right, with the others being , and. While federal law does not require sick leave, it is a common benefit for government workers and full-time employees at corporations. In 2009, the United States had the third-highest per person in the world, behind and. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the. The significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the. It brought high which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels , along with low , the , an escalating federal debt crisis, , and. Income, poverty and wealth Further information: , , , , and Americans have the highest average and income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had the second-highest. The ranked the U. Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as residents, and more than every EU nation. For 2013 the ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its and 28th in its IHDI. After years of stagnant growth, in 2016, according to the Census, median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth, although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income. There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s. However, the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance. The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations. The accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015, where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers, The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate. According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38. Between June 2007 and November 2008 the led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value. There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered in January 2014, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program. In 2011 , about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 1. According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in five young adults lives in , up from one in seven in 1980. As of September 2017, 40 million people, roughly 12. In 2017, the region with the lowest was 7. Among the states, the highest poverty rate was in 21. According to the UN, around five million people in the U. Passenger trains in North America Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 4 million miles 6. The world's second-largest automobile market, the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans 1996. About 40% of are vans, , or light trucks. The average American adult accounting for all drivers and non-drivers spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling 29 miles 47 km. In 2017, there were 255,009,283 motor vehicles—including cars, vans, buses, freight, and other trucks, but excluding motorcycles and other two-wheelers—or 910 vehicles per 1,000 people. Map showing in the United States. However, ridership on , the national intercity passenger , grew by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010. Also, has increased in recent years. Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal. The is entirely privately owned and has been largely , while are publicly owned. The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U. Of the , 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, , and the fourth-busiest, in. In the aftermath of the of 2001, the was created to police airports and commercial airliners. The NERC oversees all of them. The market is about 29,000 per year. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and sources. The United States is the world's largest consumer of petroleum. The United States has 27% of global coal reserves. It is the world's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil. For decades, has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part because of public perception in the wake of a. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed. Water supply and sanitation Main article: Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, , , a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce. Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from. The , founded by in 1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States. Universal government-funded education exists in the United States, while there are also many privately funded institutions. American is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven generally, or until they turn 18 generally bringing them through , the end of ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17. About 12% of children are enrolled in or. Just over 2% of children are. Some 80% of U. The United States has many competitive private and public. The majority of the world's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U. There are also local with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans 25 and older, 84. The basic rate is approximately 99%. The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0. As for public expenditures on higher education, the U. As of 2012 , exceeded one trillion dollars, more than Americans owe on credit cards. Main article: The United States is home to and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values. Aside from the , , and populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries. Mainstream American culture is a largely derived from the with influences from many other sources, such as. More recent immigration from and especially has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing , and a heterogeneous in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics. Core American culture was established by British colonists and shaped by the settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans are extremely charitable by global standards. According to a 2006 British study, Americans gave 1. The , or the perception that Americans enjoy high , plays a key role in attracting immigrants. Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate. While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a , scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting , language, and values. Americans' self-images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree. While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being is generally seen as a positive attribute. Food is a food commonly associated with American cuisine. Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. These homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays; , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion. Roasted is a traditional menu item of an American dinner. Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from sources are widely consumed. Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea. American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their roots with some variations. Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not, most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans. The American industry, the world's largest, pioneered the format in the 1940s. Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake. Literature, philosophy, and visual art , American author and. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as , , and established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Popular literary genres such as the and crime fiction developed in the United States. The writers opened up new literary approaches, as have authors such as , , and. The , led by Thoreau and , established the first major. After the Civil War, and then and were leaders in the development of. In the 20th century, the work of and , and later , brought to the fore of American philosophical academia. In the visual arts, the was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European. The realist paintings of are now widely celebrated. The 1913 in New York City, an exhibition of European , shocked the public and transformed the U. Major artistic movements such as the of and and the of and developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then has brought fame to American architects such as , , and. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of , with major photographers including , , and. The team of produced a series of popular comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on ; the songs of musical theater composers such as , , and have become. Playwright won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U. Music Main articles: and Though little known at the time, 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U. The rhythmic and lyrical styles of have deeply influenced at large, distinguishing it from European and African traditions. Elements from idioms such as the and what is now known as were adopted and transformed into with global audiences. Rock bands such as , the , and are among the in worldwide sales. In the 1960s, emerged from the to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and led the development of. More recent American creations include and. American pop stars such as , , and have become global celebrities, as have contemporary musical artists such as , , , , , and. Cinema The in , California , a northern district of , California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production. The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using 's. The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of 's development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U. Directors such as redefined the image of the American Old West and history, and, like others such as , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting, with great influence on subsequent directors. Notable films topping the 's list include 's 1941 , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time, 1942 , 1972 , 1939 , 1962 , 1939 , 1967 , 1954 , 1993 , 1952 , 1946 and 1950. The , popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the since 1929, and the have been held annually since January 1944. Sports All Cities in the US and Canada with at least one team in the MLB, MLS, NBA, NFL or NHL, 2018 is by several measures the most popular spectator sport; the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the is watched by millions globally. These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different but overlapping, times of the year. In , the country hosted the , the qualified for ten World Cups and the has won the three times; is the sport's highest league in the United States featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams. Eight have taken place in the United States will mark the ninth time. As of 2017, the United States has won 2,522 medals at the , more than any other country, and 305 in the , the second most behind Norway. While most major U. The most watched are and , particularly. Mass media The corporate headquarters of the in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U. The four major broadcast are all commercial entities. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day. In 1998, the number of U. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions, and corporate underwriting. Much public-radio broadcasting is supplied by formerly National Public Radio. NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967; its television counterpart, , was also created by the same legislation. NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other. As of September 30, 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the U. Well-known newspapers include , , and. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the or , for their national and world coverage. With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. Early versions of the American newspaper and the began appearing in the 19th century. In 1938, , the comic book of , developed into an American icon. Aside from and , the most popular websites are , , , , , , and. More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English. Astronaut walking on the next to 's and in 1971. The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the. The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing were developed by the U. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a industry, enabled the U. Factory in the early 20th century and introduction of the and other labor-saving techniques created the system called. In 1876, was awarded the first U. The latter led to emergence of the worldwide. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of and popularized the. The , in 1903, made the. The rise of and in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists, including , , and , to immigrate to the United States. During World War II, the developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the , while the produced rapid advances in rocketry, , and. The invention of the in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U. This, in turn, led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as in California. Advancements by American companies such as AMD , and along with both computer and companies that include , , , , and created and popularized the. The was developed in the 1960s to meet requirements, and became the first of a into the. These advancements then lead to greater of technology for individual use. As of 2013 , 83. The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet. In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector. The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and. Pictured is the facility white complex at center. The United States has a life expectancy of 79. Life expectancy ranged from a high of 81. The infant mortality rate of 6. Increasing and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987, to 42nd in 2007. Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years, are the highest in the industrialized world, and are among the highest anywhere. Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight. Obesity-related is considered epidemic by health care professionals. In 2010, , , , , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U. Low back pain, , , neck pain, and caused the most years lost to disability. The most deleterious were poor diet, tobacco smoking, obesity, , , , and alcohol use. America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five. Since 1966, more Americans have received the than the rest of the world combined. From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe. Health-care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not. The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue. In 2006, became the first state to mandate universal health insurance. There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations: , , , , , , and. The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters. The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third-largest country after Russia and Canada with total area of 9,833,517 sq km, and China as fourth-largest at 9,596,960 sq km. This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters. During the decade 1785—1795 British merchants, encouraged by and supported by their government, made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain's claims and navigation rights. The endeavors of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain's opposition. The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion. After and had left the islands, the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for ʻilimoku, the of war. The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenge the foreigners. In retaliation, Cook tried to take the nui of the island of Hawaii, as ransom for the boats. The following morning of February 14, 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping. One of ruler's wives, pleaded with them to stop. Cook's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of. Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused. As the townspeople began to surrounding them, Cook and his men raised their guns. Two chiefs and the monarch's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet. The crowd became hostile and one of the monarch's attendants approached Cook, who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword. Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet. Kanaʻina released Cook, who fell to the ground as another attendant, Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death. This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports, based on the U. The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25% between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5%. By 2012, total federal debt had surpassed 100% of U. As for drinking water quality, there are concerns about disinfection by-products, , and pharmaceutical substances, but generally is good. Retrieved September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017. Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved July 25, 2017. The 2016 estimate is as of July 1, 2016. The 2010 census is as of April 1, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2018. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved September 29, 2017. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved March 23, 2017. State Department, , December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80. General Accounting Office Report, , November 1997, p. Both viewed April 6, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2017. A Companion to the American Revolution. Retrieved February 25, 2015. Turning Points in History Series. Boston, Massachusetts: WGBH Educational Foundation. Archived from on October 12, 1999. Retrieved March 26, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2015. Samuels December 21, 2005. Pillar January 1, 2001. Wang January 1, 2006. University Press of America. Akis Kalaitzidis; Gregory W. An Introduction to the American Legal System. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved February 11, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2013. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from on January 4, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014. This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan, Esq. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge, Mass. The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge, with Reed serving as Washington's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed's absence. Archived from on December 19, 2014. Emerson, The Universalist Quarterly and General Review, Vol. University of Pennsylvania—Language Log. Retrieved January 5, 2013. The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. Los Angeles County, California: Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2015. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. Archived from on November 28, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2007. Kudeba, Nicolas February 28, 2014. The History of Canada Podcast. Guy Gugliotta February 2013. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 25, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2017. The Eternal Frontier: an ecological history of North America and its peoples. New York: Grove Press. Retrieved November 21, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2014. Akwesasne Notes New Series. Retrieved December 12, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2010. Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer. Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade. Online Library of Liberty. Retrieved January 10, 2015. The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790—1795. The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790—1795. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen 1998. Tabrah December 17, 1984. University of Chicago Press. Moore May 24, 2012. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution 1987 p. University of Virginia Press. Retrieved March 1, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. University of California Press. Retrieved October 20, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Lewis January 1, 2001. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved June 10, 2007. Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760. The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War. University Press of Colorado. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2014. Office of the Historian. Retrieved December 23, 2014. Office of the Historian. Retrieved December 24, 2014. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. Retrieved January 5, 2018. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy 1961 ed. Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. Women and Peace Series. New York City: Feminist Press at CUNY. Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women. Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need 7th ed. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2015. World War II Internment in Hawaii. Archived from PDF on December 13, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2011. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. Archived from on June 12, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2017. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved February 8, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017. Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space. New York: Grove Press. Society for History Education. Retrieved January 19, 2015. Johnson: Portrait of a President. United States Department of Justice. Retrieved July 28, 2010. Archived from on May 16, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved March 21, 2014. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2017. The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2015. Thakur; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton B N Srivastava 1997. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Akis Kalaitzidis; Gregory W. Streich September 13, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2015. The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2013. Johnson, James Turner 2005. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Durando, Jessica; Green, Shannon Rae December 21, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2013. Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved January 26, 2017. After talking to some Afghan leaders, it was said that the Iran's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran. Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates: 'The surge worked. Obama said the surge of U. Hidden in Plain Sight: What Really Caused the World's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again. Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014. Archived from on June 16, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017 ; Martin Neil Baily; Aaron Klein; Justin Schardin January 2017. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences. Retrieved January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017. The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2010. The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2017. State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates. Retrieved September 11, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved December 24, 2014. GSP 220 — Geography of the United States. Archived from on April 9, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2015. Archived from on March 14, 2005. Retrieved April 5, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Archived from on July 1, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2006. Archived from PDF on July 24, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2009. The Journal of American Culture. Archived from on October 1, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2015. Department of the Interior. Archived from on March 18, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015. Archived from on May 7, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014. A History of Environmental Politics since 1945. Retrieved October 25, 2015. General Accounting Office, DIANE Publishing. Retrieved October 25, 2015. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2015. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 28, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Archived from on June 4, 2007. Retrieved December 20, 2007. Opposition and Intimidation:The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment. Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project. Archived from PDF on December 4, 2004. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Archived from PDF on December 25, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017. Archived from on September 5, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014. Archived from PDF on April 29, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2011. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2009. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 25, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2013. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2016. Archived from on December 11, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2015. United Nations Population Division. Retrieved January 21, 2015. Center for Immigrant Studies. Retrieved January 13, 2015. Office of Immigration Statistics. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved October 21, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014. Sieczkowski, Cavan July 15, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014. Painter, Kim July 15, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2014. Archived from on January 17, 2010. Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from PDF on December 7, 2009. Archived from PDF on December 7, 2009. Archived from on January 18, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2017. Archived from PDF on June 14, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2017. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 7, 2018. Census Bureau, in World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012, p. Archived from PDF on June 21, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2007. Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. Archived from on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2007. Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Legislative Counsel, State of California. Archived from on July 22, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2007. Judicial Council, State of California. Retrieved December 17, 2007. UCLA Language Materials Project. Retrieved October 4, 2014. Leach April 15, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2013. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages ACTFL. Retrieved October 17, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014. Kosmin; Egon Mayer; Ariela Keysar December 19, 2001. Retrieved September 16, 2011. Retrieved May 2, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009. Retrieved October 11, 2009. Columbia University, Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy. Archived from on June 9, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health. Retrieved June 17, 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved January 13, 2014. Center for Desease Control - CDC. Retrieved February 3, 2018. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved October 25, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2009. The Office of the Secretary of the Senate. Retrieved February 11, 2012. The Economist Intelligence Unit. Archived from PDF on February 2, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017. Ordeshook; Olga Shvetsova February 9, 2004. Barbara Bardes; Mack Shelley; Steffen Schmidt January 1, 2013. United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany. Retrieved August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017.

Both and Chamorro have official recognition in the. For it's in the act of taking up the roles we've been taught to avoid or postpone——wife, husband, mother, father——that we build our identities, expand our lives, and achieve the fullness of character we desire. Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009, voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery. But so what if that happens? Dating is a stage of romantic relationships in humans whereby two people meet socially with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in an or. A Japanese couple on the beach Dating customs and habits vary considerably throughout the world. Cinema The in , California , a northern district of , California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production. Every woman should have. Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer. The term of Stelldichein as translated by is used to signify dating when the age of consent to marriage was relatively high. Food is a food commonly associated with American cuisine. Behavior patterns are generally unwritten and constantly changing.